United States Foreign Exchange & Gold Reserves (USD) - Historical Data
Total official international reserves of United States (Federal Reserve System), comprising monetary gold valued at year-end London market prices, convertible foreign exchange reserves, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), and IMF reserve positions from 1960 to 2025. Latest reserve holdings stand at $1,385.45 billion USD (2025).
Embed this interactive chart on your website or article:
Current Statistics & Historical Records
Latest Reading (2025)
$1,385.45B
Prev (2024): $910.04B+$475.41B
Highest Recorded (2025)
$1,385.45B
Peak foreign exchange and gold reserves held by United States.
Lowest Recorded (1971)
$14.83B
Lowest recorded official international reserve holdings for United States.
Long-Run Mean (1960–2025)
$236.53B
66 annual observations · Annual
Federal Reserve · USD
United States Foreign Exchange & Gold Reserves (USD) (1960-2025)
USD BillionsDrag to pan, scroll to zoom, or toggle between full archive (1960–2025) and recent annual observations.
Loading interactive monetary series chart...
Source: World Bank Open Data & International Monetary Fund (IFS) (WB:FI.RES.TOTL.CD:USA)
Latest: $1,385.45B (2025)
United States FX Reserves ($B) Averages by Decade
Decadal mean, peak, and trough across the 1960–2025 archive
| Decade | Years Covered | Decade Mean | Decade High (Year) | Decade Low (Year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960s | 1960–1969 | $16.96B | $19.66B (1960) | $14.90B (1967) |
| 1970s | 1970–1979 | $49.34B | $143.26B (1979) | $14.83B (1971) |
| 1980s | 1980–1989 | $139.91B | $171.41B (1980) | $104.86B (1984) |
| 1990s | 1990–1999 | $156.21B | $176.00B (1995) | $134.84B (1997) |
| 2000s | 2000–2009 | $217.58B | $404.10B (2009) | $128.40B (2000) |
| 2010s | 2010–2019 | $469.10B | $574.27B (2012) | $383.73B (2015) |
| 2020s | 2020–2025 | $853.35B | $1,385.45B (2025) | $628.37B (2020) |
Complete Annual Historical Ledger (1960–2025)
Unit: USD Billions · Source: World Bank Open Data & International Monetary Fund (IFS) (WB:FI.RES.TOTL.CD:USA)
| Year | Annual Value (USD Billions) | Intra-Year Range (Min – Max) | Monetary Regime & Historical Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $1,385.45B | $1,385.45B – $1,385.45B | Post-tightening monetary recalibration across advanced and emerging central banks |
| 2024 | $910.04B | $910.04B – $910.04B | G10 policy rates peak and pivot toward gradual monetary normalization |
| 2023 | $773.43B | $773.43B – $773.43B | - |
| 2022 | $706.64B | $706.64B – $706.64B | Global inflation surge triggers fastest synchronized rate hiking cycle in four decades |
| 2021 | $716.15B | $716.15B – $716.15B | - |
| 2020 | $628.37B | $628.37B – $628.37B | COVID-19 pandemic emergency rate cuts and record balance sheet expansion |
| 2019 | $516.70B | $516.70B – $516.70B | - |
| 2018 | $449.91B | $449.91B – $449.91B | - |
| 2017 | $451.29B | $451.29B – $451.29B | - |
| 2016 | $405.94B | $405.94B – $405.94B | Bank of Japan introduces Yield Curve Control (YCC); post-Brexit BoE easing |
| 2015 | $383.73B | $383.73B – $383.73B | - |
| 2014 | $434.42B | $434.42B – $434.42B | ECB and European peers introduce Negative Interest Rate Policy (NIRP) |
| 2013 | $448.51B | $448.51B – $448.51B | - |
| 2012 | $574.27B | $574.27B – $574.27B | - |
| 2011 | $537.27B | $537.27B – $537.27B | European Sovereign Debt Crisis and Swiss franc safe-haven surge |
| 2010 | $488.93B | $488.93B – $488.93B | - |
| 2009 | $404.10B | $404.10B – $404.10B | - |
| 2008 | $294.05B | $294.05B – $294.05B | Global Financial Crisis drives major central banks to the zero lower bound and QE1 |
| 2007 | $277.55B | $277.55B – $277.55B | - |
| 2006 | $221.09B | $221.09B – $221.09B | - |
| 2005 | $188.26B | $188.26B – $188.26B | - |
| 2004 | $190.46B | $190.46B – $190.46B | - |
| 2003 | $184.02B | $184.02B – $184.02B | - |
| 2002 | $157.76B | $157.76B – $157.76B | - |
| 2001 | $130.08B | $130.08B – $130.08B | Dot-com bust and synchronized G10 monetary easing cycle |
| 2000 | $128.40B | $128.40B – $128.40B | - |
| 1999 | $136.45B | $136.45B – $136.45B | Launch of the Euro and establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) |
| 1998 | $146.01B | $146.01B – $146.01B | - |
| 1997 | $134.84B | $134.84B – $134.84B | Asian Financial Crisis triggers emergency EM currency defense hikes |
| 1996 | $160.66B | $160.66B – $160.66B | - |
| 1995 | $176.00B | $176.00B – $176.00B | - |
| 1994 | $163.59B | $163.59B – $163.59B | Global bond market selloff and pre-emptive Federal Reserve tightening cycle |
| 1993 | $164.62B | $164.62B – $164.62B | - |
| 1992 | $147.53B | $147.53B – $147.53B | European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) crisis and Black Wednesday |
| 1991 | $159.27B | $159.27B – $159.27B | - |
| 1990 | $173.09B | $173.09B – $173.09B | German reunification tightening and Japanese asset bubble peak |
| 1989 | $168.58B | $168.58B – $168.58B | - |
| 1988 | $144.18B | $144.18B – $144.18B | - |
| 1987 | $161.74B | $161.74B – $161.74B | Louvre Accord and Black Monday central bank liquidity provision |
| 1986 | $139.88B | $139.88B – $139.88B | - |
| 1985 | $117.98B | $117.98B – $117.98B | Plaza Accord coordinated G5 currency intervention depreciates USD |
| 1984 | $104.86B | $104.86B – $104.86B | - |
| 1983 | $123.11B | $123.11B – $123.11B | - |
| 1982 | $143.44B | $143.44B – $143.44B | - |
| 1981 | $123.91B | $123.91B – $123.91B | Volcker disinflation peak pushes benchmark policy rates to postwar highs |
| 1980 | $171.41B | $171.41B – $171.41B | - |
| 1979 | $143.26B | $143.26B – $143.26B | Second oil shock; Paul Volcker appointed Federal Reserve Chair |
| 1978 | $69.45B | $69.45B – $69.45B | - |
| 1977 | $53.37B | $53.37B – $53.37B | - |
| 1976 | $44.16B | $44.16B – $44.16B | - |
| 1975 | $43.15B | $43.15B – $43.15B | - |
| 1974 | $55.70B | $55.70B – $55.70B | First OPEC oil shock triggers global stagflation and steep policy rate hikes |
| 1973 | $33.70B | $33.70B – $33.70B | - |
| 1972 | $20.57B | $20.57B – $20.57B | - |
| 1971 | $14.83B | $14.83B – $14.83B | Nixon Shock suspends USD gold convertibility; Bretton Woods system ends |
| 1970 | $15.24B | $15.24B – $15.24B | - |
| 1969 | $17.03B | $17.03B – $17.03B | - |
| 1968 | $17.86B | $17.86B – $17.86B | - |
| 1967 | $14.90B | $14.90B – $14.90B | - |
| 1966 | $14.95B | $14.95B – $14.95B | Credit crunch of 1966 and monetary tightening |
| 1965 | $15.50B | $15.50B – $15.50B | - |
| 1964 | $16.73B | $16.73B – $16.73B | - |
| 1963 | $16.88B | $16.88B – $16.88B | - |
| 1962 | $17.25B | $17.25B – $17.25B | - |
| 1961 | $18.83B | $18.83B – $18.83B | - |
| 1960 | $19.66B | $19.66B – $19.66B | - |
Frequently Asked Questions - United States FX Reserves ($B)
How much in foreign exchange and gold reserves does United States hold?
As of 2025, United States holds $1,385.45 billion USD in total international reserves (including monetary gold and foreign exchange).
Statistical Provenance
Source Metadata & Methodology Notes
- Primary Institution:
- World Bank Open Data & International Monetary Fund (IFS)
- Dataset / Dataflow:
- World Development Indicators: Total Reserves Including Gold (FI.RES.TOTL.CD)
- Canonical Series ID:
- WB:FI.RES.TOTL.CD:USA
- Reuse & License:
- Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
- Holdings of monetary gold (valued at year-end London prices), Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities.
- Values are converted from current US dollars to billions of US dollars ($10^9$).
- Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) via World Bank Development Indicators.
Academic & Media Attribution
Cite This Dataset (APA & BibTeX)
APA 7th Edition
CentralBankData.com. (2025). United States Foreign Exchange & Gold Reserves (USD), compiled from World Bank & IMF International Financial Statistics (FI.RES.TOTL.CD, CC BY 4.0). https://centralbankdata.com/us-foreign-exchange-reserves
BibTeX
@misc{cbd_reserves_us,
author = {CentralBankData.com},
title = {United States Foreign Exchange and Gold Reserves},
note = {Compiled from World Bank and IMF IFS FI.RES.TOTL.CD (CC BY 4.0)},
year = {2025},
url = {https://centralbankdata.com/us-foreign-exchange-reserves}
}Related Federal Reserve & Global Series
Full Federal Reserve profile →Central Bank Interest Rates
Federal Funds Effective Rate (United States)
Sep 20263.88%
Consumer Price Inflation Rates & Targets
United States Inflation Rate (CPI YoY %)
Aug 20263.40%
Central Bank Balance Sheets (USD)
Federal Reserve Balance Sheet Total Assets (USD)
Jul 2026$6,738.19B
Central Bank Assets Share of GDP
Federal Reserve Balance Sheet Share of GDP (United States)
2026 Q221.24%
Real Effective Exchange Rates (REER)
US Dollar (USD) Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)
Sep 2026107.11
Foreign Exchange & Gold Reserves
China Foreign Exchange & Gold Reserves (USD)
2025$3,748.74B